[Chemistry] F5C2 Carbon Compounds - Short Notes of Hydrocarbons Part 1 (Alkane)

Very sorry for not updating iGotcha since 2 weeks ago.. And today, we are going to talk about Carbon Compounds.

In this chapter, our main character is CARBON!!! Based on my Chemistry teacher, this chapter is more to memorize and not calculation. So, it's better to memorize from now on.

1. Hydrocarbon is an organic compound consists of hydrogen and carbon element ONLY!!!

2. Source of hydrocarbon

- Petroleum (refining / fractional distillation)
- Natural gas
- Coal (Destructive distillation)
  --> coal tar, ammonia, coal gas, coke

3. Hydrocarbon

• Saturated hydrocarbon = alkane 
• Unsaturated hydrocarbon = alkene

* How to differentiate the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon? Use this tip below.

Satu in Malay means 1, that means this type of hydrocarbon consists of carbon-carbon single(1) bond.

Meanwhile, unsatu means not 1, that means this type of hydrocarbon consists of at least 1 carbon-carbon double(3) bond or triple(3) bond.

4. Initial name (IMPORTANT, must MEMORIZE!!!)

Alkanes

• General Formula : 
  
  where n starts from 1,2,3 and so on.
• Physical properties : 

- less dense than water

- not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvent

- low melting and boiling point (weak van der Waals forces of attraction) but increase gradually going down alkane series

- 1st member to 4th member is gas

- poor conductor of electricity

• Chemical reaction

- combustion, product is CO2 and H2O, but remember to balance the equation.

- substitution, in the presence of SUNLIGHT / ULTRAVIOLET RAY 

That's all for alkanes~

Chemistry: F5 C2- Carbon Compound

CHEMISTRY F5C2 CARBON COMPOUND from Mxaz Myzx

[Chemistry] List of Caions and Anions

Taken from ONE-SCHOOL.NET

Chemistry Reaction List Form4 & 5

Credit goes to ONE SCHOOL.NET 
iGotcha DO NOT OWN THESE.

The following links will open in another tab and they're PDF file.
Chemical Reaction List - Form 4
Chemical Reaction List - Form 5

[Chemistry] Process using catalyst simple notes

1) Contact process = manufacture of sulphuric acid.

(i) Stage 1 : Combustion.

S + O2 --> SO2

or

2ZnS + 3O2 --> 2ZnO + 2SO2

Then, SO2 is dried and purified.

(ii) Stage 2 : 

Purified SO2 is passed over vanadium (V) oxide , at controlled optimum conditions.

optimum conditions: 

- pressure : 2-3 atm

- temperature : 450 - 500 °C

- catalyst : vanadium (V) oxide, V2O5

equation:

2SO2 + O2 --> 2SO3 

(iii) Stage 3:

SO3 is dissolved into concentrated H2SO4, forming oleum, H2S2O7

SO3 + H2SO4 --> H2S2O7

Then, oleum is diluted with water.

H2S2O7 + H2O --> 2H2SO4

2) Haber Process = manufacture of ammonia

(i) direct combination of Nitrogen and Hydrogen in a ratio 1:3

[N] obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air

[H] from cracking of petroleum / CH4 (natural gas) + H2O --> CO + 3H2 

(ii) optimum conditions:

- pressure : 200 - 500 atm

- temperature : 450 - 500 °C

- catalyst : iron fillings, Fe

(iii) it is cooled and condensed to become liquid ammonia, NH3.

3) Ostwald Process = manufacture of nitric acid

(i) 4NH3 + 5O2 --> 4NO + 6H2O

with optimal conditions:

- pressure : 4 - 10 atm

- temperature : 900°C

- catalyst : platinum, Pt

(ii) 2NO + O2 --> 2NO2

(iii) 3NO2 + H2O --> 2HNO3 + NO